Allergy
Chapter 2 – सम्पूर्ण नोट्स
Summary • Explanation • Word Meanings • Important Q&A • MCQ
Chapter Introduction
Allergy is an informative chapter that explains what an allergy is, how it develops, its common symptoms, risk factors and ways to avoid allergens.
Chapter की शुरुआत Prem Shankar से होती है। एक सुबह उसके पूरे शरीर में itching sensation और pain होने लगता है। वह अपनी problem समझ नहीं पाता और clinic जाता है।
Doctor उसे बताता है कि यह allergy का मामला है। इसके बाद chapter बहुत आसान तरीके से allergy, allergens, immune system और prevention को समझाता है।
Allergy is an abnormal reaction of the immune system to substances that are normally harmless. Awareness and avoiding allergens can help reduce allergic reactions.
इस Chapter में पढ़ेंगे
1. English Summary
Allergy – Summary in English
One morning Prem Shankar wakes up with itching and pain all over his body. Unable to understand the problem, he visits a clinic.
The doctor examines him and assures him that he will recover in a few days. He explains that Prem is suffering from an allergy.
An allergy is an abnormal or excessive reaction of the human immune system against substances that are normally harmless. Such substances are called allergens.
An allergic reaction can cause inflammation and may produce different symptoms and conditions such as hay fever, eczema and asthma.
Allergy may be influenced by genetic as well as environmental risk factors. A person generally needs to be exposed to a particular allergen before allergic sensitivity develops.
On later exposure, the allergen may trigger an allergic reaction. Smoking and pollution can further increase the risk.
Sometimes allergy begins with apparently mild symptoms. In some people, however, certain foods, medicines or insect bites may cause a serious allergic reaction.
The chapter also explains the role of the immune system and Immunoglobulin E (IgE), an antibody associated with allergic reactions.
Finally, the chapter gives useful suggestions for reducing exposure to allergens, such as keeping the surroundings clean and taking precautions against dust, pollen and other known triggers.
2. हिंदी सारांश
Allergy – आसान हिंदी सारांश
एक सुबह Prem Shankar उठता है तो उसके पूरे शरीर में itching और pain महसूस होता है। उसे समझ नहीं आता कि उसके साथ क्या हुआ है। इसलिए वह clinic जाता है।
Doctor उसकी जाँच करता है और बताता है कि उसे allergy हुई है। Doctor उसे समझाता है कि allergy हमारे immune system की असामान्य reaction है।
कुछ substances सामान्य रूप से harmless होते हैं, लेकिन allergic person का immune system उनके प्रति बहुत अधिक reaction करता है। ऐसे substances को allergens कहा जाता है।
Allergy के कारण inflammation हो सकता है और hay fever, eczema तथा asthma जैसी conditions दिखाई दे सकती हैं।
Allergy होने में genetic और environmental दोनों factors की भूमिका हो सकती है। Pollution और smoking भी allergy के risk को बढ़ा सकते हैं।
कुछ लोगों में allergy धीरे-धीरे develop होती है और शुरुआत में symptoms बहुत हल्के हो सकते हैं।
लेकिन कुछ situations में food, medicine या insect bite बहुत severe allergic reaction भी पैदा कर सकते हैं।
Chapter में IgE (Immunoglobulin E) का भी उल्लेख है। यह एक antibody है जो allergic reactions से संबंधित है।
अंत में allergy से बचने के लिए dust, pollen और दूसरे known allergens से exposure कम करने तथा साफ-सफाई रखने की सलाह दी गई है।
Allergy को समझना और उसके trigger/allergen की पहचान करना महत्वपूर्ण है। Known allergens से बचाव allergic reaction के risk को कम करने में मदद कर सकता है।
3. Prem Shankar’s Problem
Morning Problem
Prem Shankar को सुबह पूरे शरीर में itching sensation महसूस होती है।
Confusion
उसे शुरुआत में अपनी problem का कारण समझ नहीं आता।
Clinic Visit
Problem के कारण वह medical advice लेने clinic जाता है।
Diagnosis
Doctor उसे बताता है कि उसकी problem allergy से संबंधित है।
4. What is Allergy?
Allergy is a malfunction or abnormal response of the human immune system in which the body reacts strongly against normally harmless substances.
सरल शब्दों में—जिस चीज से सामान्य व्यक्ति को कोई problem नहीं होती, उसी चीज पर किसी allergic person का immune system जरूरत से अधिक reaction कर सकता है।
Simple Example
Pollen सामान्य environmental substance है। लेकिन pollen-sensitive व्यक्ति में यह sneezing, itching या hay fever जैसी problem trigger कर सकता है।
5. What are Allergens?
The substances that trigger allergic reactions are called allergens.
पेड़-पौधों के pollen कुछ लोगों में allergy trigger कर सकते हैं।
Dust और house-dust related particles allergic symptoms पैदा कर सकते हैं।
कुछ foods sensitive व्यक्ति में allergic reaction कर सकते हैं।
कुछ drugs भी susceptible people में reaction trigger कर सकती हैं।
कुछ लोगों में insect bite severe allergic response पैदा कर सकता है।
Pollution और smoke allergic conditions को worsen कर सकते हैं।
6. Common Symptoms of Allergy
1. Itching sensation
2. Skin irritation
3. Sneezing
4. Runny or irritated nose
5. Inflammation
6. Breathing difficulty in some allergic conditions
7. Skin problems such as eczema
8. Asthma-related respiratory symptoms in some cases
7. Common Allergic Conditions
Hay Fever
Pollen जैसे allergens से जुड़ी allergic condition, जिसमें nose और respiratory symptoms हो सकते हैं।
Eczema
Skin से संबंधित condition जिसमें itching और inflammation हो सकते हैं।
Asthma
कुछ allergic patients में respiratory tract प्रभावित हो सकता है और breathing-related symptoms develop हो सकते हैं।
Severe Reaction
कुछ foods, medicines या insect bites susceptible person में बहुत गंभीर allergic reaction trigger कर सकते हैं।
8. Risk Factors
Genetic Factors
कुछ लोगों में inherited tendency के कारण allergic symptoms develop होने का risk अधिक हो सकता है।
Environmental Factors
Surroundings और environmental exposure भी allergy development में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकते हैं।
Pollution
Air pollution allergic symptoms और respiratory problems का risk बढ़ा सकता है।
Smoking
Smoking या smoke exposure allergy-related problems को worsen कर सकता है।
Repeated Exposure
Specific allergen के repeated exposure के बाद allergic sensitivity develop हो सकती है और बाद में वही allergen reaction trigger कर सकता है।
9. IgE and the Immune System
What is IgE?
IgE stands for Immunoglobulin E. It is a type of antibody associated with allergic responses.
Antibody
An antibody is a protein produced as part of the body’s immune response. In allergic individuals, IgE may react to particular allergens and contribute to the allergic response.
Why is it Important?
Understanding the immune response helps doctors investigate why particular substances trigger symptoms in certain people.
10. How to Avoid Allergy
Identify Triggers
जिस allergen से problem होती है उसकी पहचान करें।
Keep Bedding Clean
Sheets, mattress covers और blankets को नियमित रूप से साफ रखें।
Reduce Dust
घर में dust accumulation कम रखें।
Protect from Pollen
Pollen exposure अधिक होने पर आवश्यक precautions लें।
Use Protection
Grass cutting या dusty house cleaning में suitable mask मददगार हो सकता है।
Avoid Known Allergens
Known food, medicine या दूसरे triggers से unnecessary exposure से बचें।
11. Important Word Meanings
12. Exam Important Points
1. Prem Shankar is the patient mentioned at the beginning.
2. He suffers from itching sensation.
3. Allergy is related to the human immune system.
4. Allergy is described as a malfunction of the immune system.
5. Allergy-causing substances are called allergens.
6. Hay fever is an allergic condition.
7. Eczema can be associated with allergy.
8. Asthma can also be associated with allergic conditions.
9. Genetic factors can influence allergy risk.
10. Environmental factors also influence risk.
11. Smoking may increase the risk.
12. Pollution may increase the risk.
13. IgE means Immunoglobulin E.
14. IgE is an antibody.
15. Avoiding known allergens is an important preventive step.
13. Important Short Answer Questions
Q1. Who was suffering from allergy?
Answer: Prem Shankar was suffering from allergy.
Q2. What problem did Prem Shankar feel?
Answer: He felt itching and pain all over his body.
Q3. What is allergy?
Answer: Allergy is an abnormal reaction or malfunction of the immune system against normally harmless substances.
Q4. What are allergens?
Answer: Allergens are substances that trigger allergic reactions.
Q5. Name three conditions associated with allergy.
Answer: Hay fever, eczema and asthma are common conditions associated with allergy.
Q6. What are the main risk factors for allergy?
Answer: Genetic and environmental factors are important risk factors.
Q7. How do smoking and pollution affect allergy?
Answer: Smoking and pollution may increase the risk or worsen allergic symptoms.
Q8. What is IgE?
Answer: IgE or Immunoglobulin E is an antibody associated with allergic reactions.
Q9. Can food cause an allergic reaction?
Answer: Yes. Certain foods may cause allergic reactions in susceptible people.
Q10. Can insect bites cause allergy?
Answer: Yes. In some people an insect bite can trigger a serious allergic reaction.
Q11. Why should known allergens be avoided?
Answer: Avoiding known allergens can help reduce the chance of triggering an allergic reaction.
Q12. What is the purpose of the chapter “Allergy”?
Answer: Its purpose is to explain allergy and provide awareness about its causes, symptoms and prevention.
14. Important Long Answer Questions
Q1. What is allergy? Explain in simple words.
Answer:
Allergy is an abnormal or excessive response of the human immune system. The immune system reacts strongly against substances that are normally harmless. These substances are called allergens.
Allergic reactions can cause inflammation and symptoms such as itching, hay fever, eczema or respiratory problems. Genetic and environmental factors may influence a person’s risk of developing allergies.
Q2. Describe the beginning of the chapter “Allergy”.
Answer:
The chapter begins with Prem Shankar waking up one morning with itching and pain all over his body. He does not understand the cause and therefore goes to a clinic.
The doctor examines him and tells him that he has an allergy. Prem Shankar then asks what allergy is, and the doctor’s explanation introduces the main subject of the chapter.
Q3. What factors may increase the risk of allergy?
Answer:
Both genetic and environmental factors may influence the development of allergic symptoms. A person may first become sensitive after exposure to a particular allergen and react when exposed again.
Environmental conditions such as smoking and pollution may further increase the risk or worsen allergic symptoms.
Q4. Explain the role of IgE in allergy.
Answer:
IgE stands for Immunoglobulin E. It is a type of antibody related to the body’s immune response.
In allergic individuals, IgE may be produced against particular allergens. When the person encounters those allergens again, the immune response may contribute to allergic symptoms.
Q5. How can exposure to allergens be reduced?
Answer:
A person should first try to identify the substances that trigger allergic symptoms. Exposure to known allergens should then be reduced as far as reasonably possible.
Keeping bedding and the home clean, reducing dust, taking precautions against pollen and using appropriate protection during dusty activities can help reduce exposure to common triggers.
15. Objective Questions
1. Who was a patient of allergy?
A. Prem Shankar
B. Halku
C. Jabra
D. Gessler
2. Allergy is a malfunction of the —
A. Digestive system
B. Immune system
C. Nervous system
D. Skeletal system
3. Substances that trigger allergy are called —
A. Antibodies
B. Allergens
C. Vitamins
D. Minerals
4. Which is an allergic condition?
A. Hay fever
B. Eczema
C. Asthma
D. All of these
5. Immunoglobulin E is an —
A. Antibody
B. Allergen
C. Organ
D. Vitamin
6. Which may increase allergy risk?
A. Pollution
B. Smoking
C. Both A and B
D. Neither
7. Prem Shankar suffered from —
A. Itching
B. Broken bone
C. Blindness
D. Toothache
8. IgE stands for —
A. Immunoglobulin E
B. Immune General Element
C. Internal Gene E
D. None
9. Allergy may be influenced by —
A. Genetic factors
B. Environmental factors
C. Both A and B
D. Neither
10. Which may trigger a severe reaction in some people?
A. Certain foods
B. Certain drugs
C. Insect bites
D. All of these
11. Allergy may cause —
A. Inflammation
B. Itching
C. Respiratory symptoms
D. All of these
12. “Allergy” is Chapter — of the English Reader.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
13. Which is useful for reducing allergic reactions?
A. Avoiding known allergens
B. Increasing dust
C. Smoking
D. Ignoring symptoms
14. Hay fever is related to —
A. Allergy
B. Fracture
C. Injury
D. None
15. The chapter gives useful tips on how to — allergy.
A. Increase
B. Avoid
C. Spread
D. Ignore
16. Quick Revision
Patient
Prem Shankar
Problem
Itching
System
Immune System
Trigger
Allergen
Antibody
IgE
Skin Condition
Eczema
Respiratory
Asthma
Risk
Genetic + Environment
Other Risk
Smoking & Pollution
Prevention
Avoid Allergens
Exam Tip
Prem Shankar, immune system, allergens, itching, inflammation, hay fever, eczema, asthma, IgE, antibody, genetic factors, environmental factors, pollution और prevention को विशेष रूप से याद करें।